by Rajesh Ranjan

India is not only having its geographical-political distinct entity, but it is also a very unique linguistic area. If we are discussing on the condition of Indian languages according to state wise, we find that there is not any language which is purely confined to one language. Even not only bigger languages, also the small languages are having presence in more than one state. Also, in some state the no of language is much more and in some one it is very less. This diversity is the very essence of India.

People living nearby the border of two states, generally know two language. Basically their multilingualism is natural multilingualism. In the same way, tribal community of India know their own tribal language as well the language of the state where they are living. Any person who is bilingual or multilingual by birth, then his/her condition is called Compound Bilingual or multi linguists. Some people due to some cause learn other languages. This type of bilingualism or multilingualism is called co-ordinative Bilingualism/ Multilingualism.

Statistics related to State wise multilingualism in India

1. Assam-аа ааа ааа аAsamiya, Bangla, Bodo, Karbi, Mishid, Rabha, Dimasha, аа ааа ааа ааа аkochh, Kachhari, Deuri, Vishnupriya, Mechh, Lalod, аа ааа ааа ааа ааа аGoro, Maar, Hindi.

2. Meghalaya- аа ааа аGaro, Khasee, Rabha, kochh, Asamiya, Bangla, Nepalee, аа ааа ааа ааа аHindi

3. Tripura- аа ааа ааа аBangla, Tripuri, jamatiya, Riyad, Kookee, Chakma, Mug, аа ааа ааа ааа аHindi.

4. Manipur – аа ааа аManipuri, takhul, kabue, Thado, Maar, аа ааа ааа ааа ааа ааа ааа аPahate, Mao, vaipe, Jeeu, Mijo, Hindi.

5. Nagaland – аа ааа аRiyad, Konyad, Mao, Sema, Ambami, Lotha, Sandtam, аа ааа ааа ааа аChad, Jatiyad,Ckakhesad,Redma, Hindi.

6 Mijoram-аа ааа ааа аMijo, chakma, Lakher, Riyad, Nepali, Hindi.

7 Arunachal Pradesh-аа аMiju, Golad, Nishee, Nokte, Monapa, аа ааа ааа ааа ааа аTagin, Badti, Miniyod, Aapatani, аа ааа ааа ааа ааа ааа ааа ааа аTadsa, Assamesse, Hindi.

8 Sikkim-аа ааа ааа аNepali, Lepcha, Bhotia, Hindi.

9 Andhara Pradesh-аа аTelugu ,Tamil, Kannada, Hindi, Marathi,Oriya, аа ааа ааа ааа ааа ааа аMalayalam, Gujarati, .

10. Tamilnadu-аа ааа аTamil, Telugu ,Kannada, Malayalam, Hindi, Gujarati, аа ааа ааа ааа ааа аMarathi.

11. Kerala-аа ааа ааа аMalayalam,Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Hindi, Marathi.

12. Karnataka -аа ааа аOriya, Telugu, Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Malayalam

13 Jammu-Kashmir-аа аUrdu, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Hindi

14 Punjab-аа ааа ааа аPunjabi, Hindi

15 Himachal Pradesh -аа аHindi, Punjabi

16 Hariyana-аа ааа аHindi, Punjabi

17 Gujarat-аа ааа ааа аGujarati, Hindi, Marathi,Punjabi,а Malayalam, Tamil.

18 Maharashtra-аа ааа аMarathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam
Punjabi, Bengali.

19 Goaаа ааа ааа аKonkani, Marathi, Hindi

20 Madhya Pradesh-аа аHindi,Telugu, Marathi, Oriya, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, аа ааа ааа ааа аMalayalam, Tamil

21 Uttar Pradesh-аа аHindi,а Punjabi,Bengali, Marathi, Malyalam

22 Bihar-аа ааа ааа аHindi,а Bengali, Oriya, Punjabi,Telugu, Gujarati, Malayalam

23 West Bengal-аа ааа аBengali, Oriya, Telugu,а Punjabi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Hindi

24 Orissa -аа ааа ааа аOriya, Telugu, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Hindi

25. Rajsthan -аа ааа аHindi, Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali.

Being the national language Hindi is only language which is having its present all over India. Linguists have divided Hindi region in five sub-language region :

1.Western Hindi: Kadi Boli, Braja Bhasha, Hariyanvi, Kannauji, Bundeli
2.Eastern Hindi:а Awadhi, Bagheli, Chhatisgari
3.Rajsthani Hindi: Marwari, Jaipuri, Mewati, Malawi.
4.Bihari Hindi: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili
5.Pahari Hindi: Garhwali, Kumauoni

In reality, the languages of India, which is spoken by commoner, is not under developed language anymore. If we see in the context of literary and cultural tradition, our languages are still far more developed than the so called rich languages.